読デイリー読解 · Daily Dokkai
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Japanese from zero · N4 Lesson 13

Must, should, must not

〜はずだ ・ 〜はずが ない ・ 〜な ・ 〜なければ いけない / ならない ・ signs

In this lesson, you will learn to say what should be true (〜はずだ) and what can't be (〜はずが ない), to give a blunt 'don't!' (走るな), to say what you have to do with family and friends (〜なければ いけない / ならない), and to read the short rules on station signs. The night before the trip to Osaka, the Satos help Lisa get ready.

By the end you will be able to say

My ticket should be in my bag.
That can't be.
You have to do your homework first.
Don't run on the platform!
Stations have a lot of rules.

The grammar in this lesson

  1. Should be, can't be: 〜はずだ, 〜はずが ない — はず says what you expect to be true; はずが ない says it can't be true.
  2. Don't!: plain form + な — The dictionary form + な is a blunt order not to do something.
  3. Have to: 〜なければ いけない / ならない — The ない form with なければ + いけない or ならない says you have to do something.
  4. Reading signs and rules — Signs use short forms: 〜な, one-word warnings like 危険 and 注意, and 〜ないで ください.